Which of the following is NOT a type of pathogen that can contaminate food?

Allergens are substances that can cause allergic reactions in some individuals, but they are not classified as pathogens. Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause illness, and they include viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Each of these pathogens can lead to foodborne illnesses when present in food.

While microorganisms like viruses and bacteria can multiply and cause infection, fungi can also lead to spoilage and toxin production. Allergens, however, are not microorganisms and do not cause foodborne illness through infection or intoxication, making them distinct from these other categories. Understanding the difference between allergens and pathogens is crucial for food safety and safe food handling practices.